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DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for safety.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

HTTP methods tell the server what to do, and status codes tell us the result.

A CDN speeds up web applications by caching content closer to users.

REST API design focuses on creating clean, efficient, and scalable web services.

The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

The TLS handshake establishes a secure connection for HTTPS, ensuring data safety.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

Stemming and normalization help search engines match various word forms for better results.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

DNS helps microservices find each other, but it has limitations that may require a service registry.

Transactions ensure database operations are reliable using ACID properties.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Kafka uses state stores to remember previous events in stateful stream processing.

Latency is the time for one request, while throughput is how many requests are processed.

Keep-Alive allows reusing HTTP connections to improve efficiency and reduce overhead.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

gRPC supports four communication patterns: Unary, Server Streaming, Client Streaming, and Bidirectional Streaming.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

DNS records like A, CNAME, and MX help route internet traffic and manage services.

Tokenization and analyzers help search engines process and match text effectively.

Functional requirements define what a system does, while non-functional requirements define how it performs.

HLD provides an overview of system architecture, while LLD details implementation specifics.

Choosing the right boundaries for microservices is crucial for effective architecture.

Protobuf schema evolution requires careful changes to avoid breaking existing clients.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

An inverted index helps search engines quickly find documents containing specific terms.

Latency, throughput, and response time are key metrics in system performance.