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Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

Global failover ensures applications remain available by redirecting traffic from failed regions to functioning ones.

Dynamo-style databases are designed for high availability and fault tolerance in distributed systems.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

Cascading failures occur when one service's failure impacts others, causing widespread issues.

Partial failure means some services fail while others keep running, impacting system reliability.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

Failover ensures systems remain operational by managing leader changes during failures.

Availability Zones help prevent downtime by isolating failures across multiple locations.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.

Cross-region database replication keeps databases synchronized across different geographical locations.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.

Retry storms occur when too many retries overload a failing service.

Log replication ensures data consistency by requiring majority acknowledgment before committing changes.

A Circuit Breaker helps prevent system failures by stopping calls to unhealthy services.

Late-arriving events can be dropped, updated, or routed based on system needs.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

Load shedding helps systems reject excess requests to maintain performance during high demand.

Kafka uses replication and in-sync replicas to ensure data is always available.

Kafka Partition Reassignment moves replicas between brokers while keeping data safe.