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Backup strategies include Full, Incremental, and Differential, each with unique benefits.

Retention policies help manage how long data is kept in databases.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

Time-based partitioning organizes time-series data into smaller, efficient segments for better querying.

Write-Ahead Log ensures data is safely recorded before changes are made.

B-Trees help databases find data quickly without scanning every row.

OLTP handles transactions while OLAP is for data analysis and reporting.

Point-in-Time Recovery allows databases to be restored to a specific moment before data loss.

Optimistic and pessimistic locking are strategies to manage database access during concurrent transactions.

Transactions ensure database operations are reliable using ACID properties.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

Partition pruning helps databases skip unnecessary data scans, speeding up queries.