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Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

Keep-Alive allows reusing HTTP connections to improve efficiency and reduce overhead.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

DNS helps microservices find each other, but it has limitations that may require a service registry.

Latency is the time for one request, while throughput is how many requests are processed.

Service Discovery helps microservices locate each other dynamically without fixed IP addresses.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Causality in distributed systems helps understand how events influence each other, beyond just timestamps.

The USE Method helps find and analyze infrastructure bottlenecks in software systems.

Queues distribute tasks to one consumer, while Pub/Sub broadcasts events to multiple subscribers.

HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for safety.

2-Phase Commit helps maintain data consistency in transactions across multiple databases.

Latency, throughput, and response time are key metrics in system performance.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

Request-Response asks for a result, while Events notify that something has happened.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.

DNS records like A, CNAME, and MX help route internet traffic and manage services.

Physical time tells when events happen, while logical time tells their order.

The TLS handshake establishes a secure connection for HTTPS, ensuring data safety.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Jitter helps spread out client retries to avoid traffic spikes.

Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.