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Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

The number of Elasticsearch nodes depends on storage, workload, and performance needs.

Apache Kafka is a system for managing large volumes of events efficiently.

Cascading failures occur when one service's failure impacts others, causing widespread issues.

Availability Zones help prevent downtime by isolating failures across multiple locations.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Kafka Partition Reassignment moves replicas between brokers while keeping data safe.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

Backpressure helps manage message flow in Kafka during traffic spikes.