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Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

The number of Elasticsearch nodes depends on storage, workload, and performance needs.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Primary shards partition data, while replica shards duplicate it for redundancy.

Observability helps engineers understand system behavior to debug production issues effectively.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Load shedding helps systems reject excess requests to maintain performance during high demand.

Cascading failures occur when one service's failure impacts others, causing widespread issues.

The Circuit Breaker pattern controls service calls to prevent failures from spreading.

Jitter helps spread out client retries to avoid traffic spikes.

Exponential backoff helps manage retries by increasing wait times to reduce system overload.

Retry storms occur when too many retries overload a failing service.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

A timeout indicates a deadline was exceeded, not necessarily a failure.

A Circuit Breaker helps prevent system failures by stopping calls to unhealthy services.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Synchronous communication waits for a response, while asynchronous continues without waiting.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

Causality in distributed systems helps understand how events influence each other, beyond just timestamps.

Vector clocks help track the order and concurrency of events in distributed systems.

Lamport Timestamps help order events in distributed systems while preserving causality.