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KMS securely manages encryption keys to protect data from theft.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

API keys help identify clients and control their access to APIs securely.

Kafka uses partitions to allow multiple consumers to process messages in parallel.

Partition pruning helps databases skip unnecessary data scans, speeding up queries.

Kafka maintains message order within partitions using keys for routing.

Kafka's assign() method allows manual control of partition assignments for consumers.

Hashing is one-way for verification, while encryption is two-way for confidentiality.