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gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

Log replication ensures data consistency by requiring majority acknowledgment before committing changes.

Leader election helps distributed systems select one coordinator from many nodes.

Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.

Bully, Raft, and ZooKeeper are distinct algorithms for leader election in distributed systems.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.