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Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.

Raft's safety rules guarantee that committed entries are preserved even after leader failures.

Kafka uses Dead Letter Topics to handle messages that repeatedly fail processing.

Poison messages in Kafka can cause infinite retries, risking system stability.

Leader election ensures a single node coordinates tasks in distributed systems, even after failures.

Leader election helps distributed systems select one coordinator from many nodes.

Log replication ensures data consistency by requiring majority acknowledgment before committing changes.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

Raft handles leader failure by allowing followers to elect a new leader through voting.