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The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

Keep-Alive allows reusing HTTP connections to improve efficiency and reduce overhead.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

DNS helps microservices find each other, but it has limitations that may require a service registry.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

DNS records like A, CNAME, and MX help route internet traffic and manage services.

The TLS handshake establishes a secure connection for HTTPS, ensuring data safety.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Service Discovery helps microservices locate each other dynamically without fixed IP addresses.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

Latency is the time for one request, while throughput is how many requests are processed.

gRPC supports four communication patterns: Unary, Server Streaming, Client Streaming, and Bidirectional Streaming.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Latency, throughput, and response time are key metrics in system performance.

2-Phase Commit helps maintain data consistency in transactions across multiple databases.

Protobuf schema evolution requires careful changes to avoid breaking existing clients.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Failover ensures systems remain operational by managing leader changes during failures.