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The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

Crash failures stop a service, while network failures disrupt communication.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

Keep-Alive allows reusing HTTP connections to improve efficiency and reduce overhead.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

DNS records like A, CNAME, and MX help route internet traffic and manage services.

The TLS handshake establishes a secure connection for HTTPS, ensuring data safety.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Latency is the time for one request, while throughput is how many requests are processed.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Latency, throughput, and response time are key metrics in system performance.

2-Phase Commit helps maintain data consistency in transactions across multiple databases.

Protobuf schema evolution requires careful changes to avoid breaking existing clients.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Failover ensures systems remain operational by managing leader changes during failures.