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In distributed systems, timestamps don't always reflect the true order of events.

Watermarks help stream processing systems manage event time and late events.

Late-arriving events can be dropped, updated, or routed based on system needs.

The Transactional Outbox Pattern ensures database updates and event publishing are synchronized to avoid losing events.

Tumbling windows are non-overlapping time segments, while hopping windows can overlap.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

Elasticsearch offers Data Streams for simplicity and Time-Based Indices for control in managing time-series data.