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Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.

Queues distribute tasks to one consumer, while Pub/Sub broadcasts events to multiple subscribers.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

Kafka uses retries and Dead Letter Queues to manage message processing failures.

Kafka can help ensure messages are processed once, but requires careful design.

Classifying failures and using controlled retries in Kafka prevents outages.

Token Bucket allows burst traffic, while Leaky Bucket smooths out traffic flow.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Backpressure helps manage message flow in Kafka during traffic spikes.

The Transactional Outbox Pattern ensures database updates and event publishing are synchronized to avoid losing events.

Kafka consumers can use multiple threads to speed up message processing, but it complicates ordering and offset management.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

In distributed systems, timestamps don't always reflect the true order of events.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Kafka's parallel processing depends on partitions, not just consumers or threads.

Kafka Schema Evolution allows safe changes to message structures without breaking existing consumers.

The retry pattern helps systems recover from temporary failures but can cause overload if misused.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

Microservices and modular monoliths differ mainly in deployment and communication methods.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Consistency models determine what data reads in distributed systems can see.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Kafka allows safe message reprocessing by resetting consumer positions without altering data.