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Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Cache breakdowns can overwhelm databases, but request coalescing solves this issue.

Connection pooling reuses database connections but can cause issues if misconfigured.

Kafka consumers can fetch data in batches to improve throughput and reduce latency.

Deep pagination in Elasticsearch can slow down searches significantly, but there are efficient methods to handle it.

Keep-Alive allows reusing HTTP connections to improve efficiency and reduce overhead.

Elasticsearch offers two pagination methods: from & size for shallow pages and search_after for deep pages.