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Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Jitter helps spread out client retries to avoid traffic spikes.

Backpressure helps manage message flow in Kafka during traffic spikes.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Cascading failures occur when one service's failure impacts others, causing widespread issues.

The Token Bucket algorithm helps manage how many requests a server can handle.

Exponential backoff helps manage retries by increasing wait times to reduce system overload.

Retry storms occur when too many retries overload a failing service.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.