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Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

The number of Elasticsearch nodes depends on storage, workload, and performance needs.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Primary shards partition data, while replica shards duplicate it for redundancy.

Observability helps engineers understand system behavior to debug production issues effectively.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

Cascading failures occur when one service's failure impacts others, causing widespread issues.

The Circuit Breaker pattern controls service calls to prevent failures from spreading.

Jitter helps spread out client retries to avoid traffic spikes.

Exponential backoff helps manage retries by increasing wait times to reduce system overload.

Retry storms occur when too many retries overload a failing service.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

A Circuit Breaker helps prevent system failures by stopping calls to unhealthy services.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.

In distributed systems, timestamps don't always reflect the true order of events.

Partial failure means some services fail while others keep running, impacting system reliability.

ZooKeeper coordinates distributed systems using an ensemble of servers and the ZAB protocol.

Backpressure helps manage message flow in Kafka during traffic spikes.

Kafka's parallel processing depends on partitions, not just consumers or threads.

Kafka uses different strategies to assign partitions to consumers in a group efficiently.

Kafka uses replication and in-sync replicas to ensure data is always available.

Kafka can help ensure messages are processed once, but requires careful design.