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Transactions ensure database operations are reliable using ACID properties.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

OLTP handles transactions while OLAP is for data analysis and reporting.

HLD provides an overview of system architecture, while LLD details implementation specifics.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

Session-based authentication uses cookies to remember users after login.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

Functional requirements define what a system does, while non-functional requirements define how it performs.

Authentication verifies who you are, while authorization determines what you can do.

REST API design focuses on creating clean, efficient, and scalable web services.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Containers share the host OS kernel, while VMs virtualize hardware with separate OS.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

DNS records like A, CNAME, and MX help route internet traffic and manage services.

The USE Method helps find and analyze infrastructure bottlenecks in software systems.

Batch processing collects data to process later, while stream processing handles data in real-time.

Protobuf schema evolution requires careful changes to avoid breaking existing clients.

HTTP methods tell the server what to do, and status codes tell us the result.

The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

Latency is the time for one request, while throughput is how many requests are processed.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

B-Trees help databases find data quickly without scanning every row.

Fail Fast means stopping quickly on errors, while Fail Safe ensures safety in failures.