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Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Monolithic and microservices architectures each have unique advantages and challenges for software development.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Database replication enhances data availability and read performance but has challenges like replication lag.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

Distributed locks ensure only one server performs a task, avoiding duplication.

The choice between SQL and NoSQL databases depends on your application's specific needs.

An API Gateway simplifies client access to backend services in microservices.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.