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Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

A Circuit Breaker helps prevent system failures by stopping calls to unhealthy services.

The Circuit Breaker pattern controls service calls to prevent failures from spreading.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Idempotency ensures that repeated operations in APIs do not cause duplicate effects.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Consistency models determine what data reads in distributed systems can see.

Synchronous communication waits for a response, while asynchronous continues without waiting.

A timeout indicates a deadline was exceeded, not necessarily a failure.