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Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

REST API design focuses on creating clean, efficient, and scalable web services.

Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Cache stampede occurs when many requests hit the database due to a cache miss.

API pagination helps manage large datasets by breaking them into smaller parts.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

The choice between SQL and NoSQL databases depends on your application's specific needs.

Kafka maintains message order within partitions using keys for routing.