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Alerting helps notify the right people about production issues quickly.

Logs, metrics, and traces help engineers debug issues in software systems.

Downsampling and aggregation reduce data volume while preserving essential trends.

The RED Method helps monitor microservices using Rate, Errors, and Duration metrics.

Observability helps engineers understand system behavior to debug production issues effectively.

ZooKeeper watches notify clients of changes, avoiding constant polling and reducing server load.

Monitoring Kafka consumer lag helps prevent production problems by ensuring consumers keep up with message traffic.

Active-passive architecture ensures a standby system takes over if the main system fails.

Change Data Capture allows real-time syncing of database changes to other systems.

The USE Method helps find and analyze infrastructure bottlenecks in software systems.

SLIs measure service performance, SLOs set reliability targets, and SLAs are customer agreements.

Time-series databases are designed to store and query time-stamped metrics efficiently.

Latency, throughput, and response time are key metrics in system performance.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Microservices and modular monoliths differ mainly in deployment and communication methods.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

Choosing the right labels in time-series data is crucial to avoid inefficiencies.

Batch processing collects data to process later, while stream processing handles data in real-time.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.

Monolithic and microservices architectures each have unique advantages and challenges for software development.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

Tumbling windows are non-overlapping time segments, while hopping windows can overlap.

Watermarks help stream processing systems manage event time and late events.

Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.

Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.

CDC with Kafka allows real-time updates from databases to multiple services.