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Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

ZooKeeper coordinates distributed systems using an ensemble of servers and the ZAB protocol.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.