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B-Trees help databases find data quickly without scanning every row.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Filters check conditions without affecting relevance, while queries do.

Cache breakdowns can overwhelm databases, but request coalescing solves this issue.

The Cache-Aside Pattern speeds up data retrieval by using a cache to store frequently accessed data.

Elasticsearch offers two pagination methods: from & size for shallow pages and search_after for deep pages.

Elasticsearch distributes search queries across shards to find and retrieve results quickly.

An inverted index helps search engines quickly find documents containing specific terms.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

Choose Elasticsearch for complex text searches, but use databases for structured queries.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Cache penetration occurs when requests for non-existent data overload the database.