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Authentication verifies who you are, while authorization determines what you can do.

Session-based authentication uses cookies to remember users after login.

mTLS allows microservices to verify each other's identities using certificates.

OpenID Connect allows apps to authenticate users and verify their identities securely.

OAuth 2.0 lets apps access user data securely without passwords.

JWTs allow secure user authentication without needing session storage.

Access tokens are short-lived tokens for API access, while refresh tokens renew them without re-login.

API keys help identify clients and control their access to APIs securely.

CSRF tricks your browser into making requests without your consent.

Hashing is one-way for verification, while encryption is two-way for confidentiality.

Password hashing with unique salts ensures security by creating different hashes for identical passwords.

Zero Trust Architecture ensures that no user or device is trusted by default.

Token expiration and refresh token rotation secure user sessions by limiting token lifespan and preventing unauthorized access.

Encryption at rest and in transit are essential for protecting data both stored and in motion.

Choosing the right distributed lock depends on your system's needs and existing tools.

The TLS handshake establishes a secure connection for HTTPS, ensuring data safety.

HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for safety.

Optimistic and pessimistic locking are strategies to manage database access during concurrent transactions.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.