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Cache stampede occurs when many requests hit the database due to a cache miss.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

API pagination helps manage large datasets by breaking them into smaller parts.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Distributed locks ensure only one server performs a task, avoiding duplication.