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Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Cache stampede occurs when many requests hit the database due to a cache miss.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

API pagination helps manage large datasets by breaking them into smaller parts.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

Apache Kafka is a system for managing large volumes of events efficiently.