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Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Database replication helps keep data available and allows systems to handle more read requests.

Kafka uses replication and in-sync replicas to ensure data is always available.

Fail-stop means a system stops and stays down, while fail-recover means it can come back but needs to be ready.

Partial failure means some services fail while others keep running, impacting system reliability.

Log replication ensures data consistency by requiring majority acknowledgment before committing changes.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

Raft's safety rules guarantee that committed entries are preserved even after leader failures.

Leader election ensures a single node coordinates tasks in distributed systems, even after failures.