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Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

The choice between SQL and NoSQL databases depends on your application's specific needs.

B-Trees help databases find data quickly without scanning every row.

Cache breakdowns can overwhelm databases, but request coalescing solves this issue.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Elasticsearch distributes search queries across shards to find and retrieve results quickly.

Choose Elasticsearch for complex text searches, but use databases for structured queries.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.