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Primary shards partition data, while replica shards duplicate it for redundancy.

Elasticsearch uses shards for data distribution and replicas for redundancy.

Elasticsearch distributes search queries across shards to find and retrieve results quickly.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

Elasticsearch uses master election and quorum to prevent split brain scenarios.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Partition pruning helps databases skip unnecessary data scans, speeding up queries.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.