Any concept.
clear in 60 seconds.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Fault domains help prevent multiple servers from failing together in an architecture.

MongoDB uses replica sets for data redundancy and sharding for scalability.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Cassandra uses a masterless architecture to distribute and replicate data efficiently.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Availability Zones help prevent downtime by isolating failures across multiple locations.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Kubernetes uses a Control Plane to manage Worker Nodes and ensure application reliability.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

High Availability ensures your application remains operational even during server failures.

Active-Active Architecture uses multiple regions to serve traffic simultaneously for better resilience.

A reverse proxy routes client requests to different backend services efficiently.

Choosing between single and multi-region architecture affects system resilience and cost.

Monolithic and microservices architectures each have unique advantages and challenges for software development.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

SSRF is a vulnerability where an attacker tricks a server into making unintended requests.

A single component's failure can take down your entire application, even with redundancy.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

N+1 redundancy means having one extra server to maintain capacity during a failure.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

Containers share the host OS kernel, while VMs virtualize hardware with separate OS.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

OLTP handles transactions while OLAP is for data analysis and reporting.

gRPC supports four communication patterns: Unary, Server Streaming, Client Streaming, and Bidirectional Streaming.

Database per Service ensures each microservice owns its data, reducing dependencies.

Database replication enhances data availability and read performance but has challenges like replication lag.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

Timeouts in distributed systems indicate suspicion, not confirmed failure.

Microservices and modular monoliths differ mainly in deployment and communication methods.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Service Discovery helps microservices locate each other dynamically without fixed IP addresses.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

Distributed locks ensure only one server performs a task, avoiding duplication.

Consistent hashing helps distribute data across servers with minimal movement.

DNS helps microservices find each other, but it has limitations that may require a service registry.

Active-passive architecture ensures a standby system takes over if the main system fails.

The TCP 3-way handshake ensures reliable connection establishment between a client and server.

Authentication verifies who you are, while authorization determines what you can do.

Choosing between a shared database and a database per service affects system design significantly.

RPC allows one service to call a function in another service over the network.

Choosing the right boundaries for microservices is crucial for effective architecture.

Global Load Balancing helps route users to the nearest and healthiest server region.

An API Gateway simplifies client access to backend services in microservices.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

ZooKeeper coordinates distributed systems using an ensemble of servers and the ZAB protocol.

Elasticsearch has different node roles that help manage data and scale clusters effectively.

Secure API design requires multiple strategies to protect sensitive data and access.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

Zero Trust Architecture ensures that no user or device is trusted by default.

Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.

Elasticsearch uses shards for data distribution and replicas for redundancy.

MongoDB uses sharding to distribute data across multiple servers for better scalability.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

A CDN speeds up web applications by caching content closer to users.