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Cassandra uses a masterless architecture to distribute and replicate data efficiently.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

Monolithic and microservices architectures each have unique advantages and challenges for software development.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Active-passive architecture ensures a standby system takes over if the main system fails.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Kubernetes uses a Control Plane to manage Worker Nodes and ensure application reliability.

Microservices and modular monoliths differ mainly in deployment and communication methods.

HLD provides an overview of system architecture, while LLD details implementation specifics.

OLTP handles transactions while OLAP is for data analysis and reporting.

Containers share the host OS kernel, while VMs virtualize hardware with separate OS.

Choosing the right boundaries for microservices is crucial for effective architecture.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

An API Gateway simplifies client access to backend services in microservices.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Authentication verifies who you are, while authorization determines what you can do.

A reverse proxy routes client requests to different backend services efficiently.

Fault domains help prevent multiple servers from failing together in an architecture.

Choosing between single and multi-region architecture affects system resilience and cost.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

The Cache-Aside Pattern speeds up data retrieval by using a cache to store frequently accessed data.

Batch processing collects data to process later, while stream processing handles data in real-time.

Database per Service ensures each microservice owns its data, reducing dependencies.

Active-Active Architecture uses multiple regions to serve traffic simultaneously for better resilience.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

Choose Elasticsearch for complex text searches, but use databases for structured queries.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Functional requirements define what a system does, while non-functional requirements define how it performs.

High Availability ensures your application remains operational even during server failures.

Choosing between a shared database and a database per service affects system design significantly.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

Failover ensures systems remain operational by managing leader changes during failures.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

The retry pattern helps systems recover from temporary failures but can cause overload if misused.

Zero Trust Architecture ensures that no user or device is trusted by default.

MongoDB uses replica sets for data redundancy and sharding for scalability.

Secure API design requires multiple strategies to protect sensitive data and access.

Time-series databases are designed to store and query time-stamped metrics efficiently.

A single component's failure can take down your entire application, even with redundancy.

N+1 redundancy means having one extra server to maintain capacity during a failure.

Queues distribute tasks to one consumer, while Pub/Sub broadcasts events to multiple subscribers.

Kafka uses state stores to remember previous events in stateful stream processing.

CQRS separates how we change data from how we read data, improving scalability.

Message queues allow services to communicate asynchronously, improving scalability and reliability.

ZooKeeper coordinates distributed systems using an ensemble of servers and the ZAB protocol.

The Circuit Breaker pattern controls service calls to prevent failures from spreading.