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A CDN speeds up web applications by caching content closer to users.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

Choosing the right boundaries for microservices is crucial for effective architecture.

Database per Service ensures each microservice owns its data, reducing dependencies.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Distributed backpressure helps manage the flow of work between services to prevent overload.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

Cache breakdowns can overwhelm databases, but request coalescing solves this issue.

Connection pooling reuses database connections but can cause issues if misconfigured.

Choosing between a shared database and a database per service affects system design significantly.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.