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Caching helps applications respond faster by serving data from memory instead of hitting the database.

Database per Service ensures each microservice owns its data, reducing dependencies.

The Cache-Aside Pattern speeds up data retrieval by using a cache to store frequently accessed data.

Redis is a fast in-memory data store used for caching and low-latency applications.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Cache penetration occurs when requests for non-existent data overload the database.

Elasticsearch offers Data Streams for simplicity and Time-Based Indices for control in managing time-series data.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Elasticsearch Data Streams simplify time-series data management with one name for many indices.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

Kafka uses retention to keep historical data and compaction to keep the latest state.

Consistency models determine what data reads in distributed systems can see.

The Transactional Outbox Pattern ensures database updates and event publishing are synchronized to avoid losing events.

Replicas keep your system available, while snapshots allow for data recovery.

Database replication enhances data availability and read performance but has challenges like replication lag.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

Choose Elasticsearch for complex text searches, but use databases for structured queries.

Cache invalidation is about knowing when to refresh cached data.

Elasticsearch uses shards for data distribution and replicas for redundancy.

Cache breakdowns can overwhelm databases, but request coalescing solves this issue.

The USE Method helps find and analyze infrastructure bottlenecks in software systems.

A CDN speeds up web applications by caching content closer to users.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

An inverted index helps search engines quickly find documents containing specific terms.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Primary shards partition data, while replica shards duplicate it for redundancy.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.