Any concept.
clear in 60 seconds.

FAANG interviewers evaluate problem understanding, architecture, scalability, and communication skills.

FAANG engineers use high-level design principles to create scalable systems.

HLD provides an overview of system architecture, while LLD details implementation specifics.

Cassandra uses a masterless architecture to distribute and replicate data efficiently.

Fault domains help prevent multiple servers from failing together in an architecture.

Monolithic and microservices architectures each have unique advantages and challenges for software development.

Search engines collect, index, retrieve, and rank documents to provide relevant results.

Active-passive architecture ensures a standby system takes over if the main system fails.

Microservices and modular monoliths differ mainly in deployment and communication methods.

Active-Active Architecture uses multiple regions to serve traffic simultaneously for better resilience.

OLTP handles transactions while OLAP is for data analysis and reporting.

Choosing between single and multi-region architecture affects system resilience and cost.

Kubernetes uses a Control Plane to manage Worker Nodes and ensure application reliability.

Stream Processing Architecture helps turn incoming events into real-time insights efficiently.

The Bulkhead Pattern isolates resources to protect critical workloads from failures.

MongoDB uses replica sets for data redundancy and sharding for scalability.

Containers share the host OS kernel, while VMs virtualize hardware with separate OS.

Availability is about access; reliability is about correct performance.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Functional requirements define what a system does, while non-functional requirements define how it performs.

Vertical scaling means upgrading one server, while horizontal scaling means adding more servers.

Authentication verifies who you are, while authorization determines what you can do.

Graceful degradation allows apps to function partially during service failures.

Fallbacks allow systems to handle failures safely and maintain user experience.

An API Gateway simplifies client access to backend services in microservices.

Zero Trust Architecture ensures that no user or device is trusted by default.

Time-series databases are designed to store and query time-stamped metrics efficiently.

Choosing the right boundaries for microservices is crucial for effective architecture.

The USE Method helps find and analyze infrastructure bottlenecks in software systems.

API Gateway, Proxy, and Load Balancer serve different roles in managing requests and traffic in systems.

Microservices can communicate using five key patterns based on their needs.

Database replication enhances data availability and read performance but has challenges like replication lag.

Service Discovery helps microservices locate each other dynamically without fixed IP addresses.

DNS resolution translates a URL into an IP address for web access.

gRPC allows efficient communication between services using a structured request-response model.

Network partitions occur when servers are operational but can't communicate, affecting system performance.

Data residency is crucial for compliance with laws about where data can be stored.

DNS helps microservices find each other, but it has limitations that may require a service registry.

N+1 redundancy means having one extra server to maintain capacity during a failure.

Elasticsearch uses distributed architecture to search data quickly across multiple servers.

ZooKeeper coordinates distributed systems using an ensemble of servers and the ZAB protocol.

The retry pattern helps systems recover from temporary failures but can cause overload if misused.

Availability Zones help prevent downtime by isolating failures across multiple locations.

Database per Service ensures each microservice owns its data, reducing dependencies.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Choosing between a shared database and a database per service affects system design significantly.

L4 and L7 load balancers differ in how they route network traffic based on layers of the OSI model.

REST, RPC, and gRPC are different methods for communication in software systems.

The CAP Theorem explains the trade-offs in distributed systems during network failures.

Secure API design requires multiple strategies to protect sensitive data and access.

High Availability ensures your application remains operational even during server failures.

A reverse proxy routes client requests to different backend services efficiently.

Load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance and reliability.

Dependency failures can disrupt applications, but resilience patterns can help manage them.

The Cache-Aside Pattern speeds up data retrieval by using a cache to store frequently accessed data.

Data warehouses help businesses analyze large amounts of data for better decision-making.

In distributed systems, timestamps don't always reflect the true order of events.

Alerting helps notify the right people about production issues quickly.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.