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Scaling databases involves deciding whether to enhance read or write capabilities based on traffic patterns.

Stateless servers are easier to scale because they don't store user session data locally.

Distributed caching spreads data across multiple servers for better performance and reliability.

Microservices are useful when you need independent scaling, deployment, and clear boundaries in software design.

Database bottlenecks slow down performance, but identifying them helps optimize and scale effectively.

Sharding splits databases into smaller parts to improve performance and scalability.